Имеющиеся данные не позволяют однозначно рекомендовать
спортсменам-любителям снижать объем физических нагрузок, особенно
если их занятия повышают качество жизни или позволяют успешно
состязаться, поскольку риски пока остаются достаточно
неопределенными.
От редакции Зожника добавим:
не стремитесь
испытывать физические пределы своего организма – ни резкими
нагрузками, ни максимально продолжительными, если конечно, хотите
прожить дольше и качественнее.
Перевод для Зожника:
Алексей Republicommando
Упомянутые исследования:
1. Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. Heart Disease and
Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart
Association. Circulation. 2019 Mar 5;139(10):e56–e528.
2. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, et al. Exercise and physical
activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical
Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and
Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and
Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity) Circulation. 2003
Jun 24;107(24):3109–3116.
3. Martin BJ, Arena R, Haykowsky M, et al. Cardiovascular fitness
and mortality after contemporary cardiac rehabilitation. Mayo Clin
Proc. 2013 May;88(5):455–463.
4. Li Y, Pan A, Wang DD, et al. Impact of Healthy Lifestyle Factors
on Life Expectancies in the US Population. Circulation. 2018 Jul
24;138(4):345–355.
5. Boden WE, Franklin BA, Wenger NK. Physical activity and
structured exercise for patients with stable ischemic heart
disease. JAMA. 2013 Jan 9;309(2):143–144.
6. Wen CP, Wai JP, Tsai MK, et al. Minimum amount of physical
activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a
prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011 Oct 1;378(979
😎:1244–1253.
7. O’Keefe JH, O’Keefe EL, Lavie CJ. The Goldilocks Zone for
Exercise: Not Too Little, Not Too Much. Mo Med. 2018
Mar-Apr;115(2):98–105.
8. Armstrong ME, Green J, Reeves GK, Beral V, Cairns BJ Million
Women Study C. Frequent physical activity may not reduce vascular
disease risk as much as moderate activity: large prospective study
of women in the United Kingdom. Circulation. 2015 Feb
24;131(
😎:721–729.
9. Arem H, Moore SC, Patel A, et al. Leisure time physical activity
and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response
relationship. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Jun;175(6):959–967.
10. Lee DC, Pate RR, Lavie CJ, Sui X, Church TS, Blair SN.
Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Aug 5;64(5):472–481.
11. Lear SA, Hu W, Rangarajan S, et al. The effect of physical
activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people
from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the
PURE study. Lancet. 2017 Dec 16;390(10113):2643–2654.
12. Schnohr P, O’Keefe JH, Marott JL, Lange P, Jensen GB. Dose of
jogging and long-term mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. J
Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Feb 10;65(5):411–419.
13. Maessen MF, Verbeek AL, Bakker EA, Thompson PD, Hopman MT,
Eijsvogels TM. Lifelong Exercise Patterns and Cardiovascular
Health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Jun;91(6):745–754.
14. Williams PT, Thompson PD. Increased cardiovascular disease
mortality associated with excessive exercise in heart attack
survivors. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014 Sep;89(9):1187–1194.
15. Franklin BA, Thompson PD, Al-Zaiti SS, et al. Exercise-Related
Acute Cardiovascular Events and Potential Deleterious Adaptations
Following Long-Term Exercise Training: Placing the Risks Into
Perspective-An Update: A Scientific Statement From the American
Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Feb 26;
CIR0000000000000749.
16. Paffenbarger RS, Jr, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hsieh CC. Physical
activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. The
New England journal of medicine. 1986 Mar 6;314(10):605–613. 17.
Hellsten Y, Nyberg M. Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise
Training. Compr Physiol. 2015 Dec 15;6(1):1–32.
18. Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, et al. International
recommendations for electrocardiographic interpretation in
athletes. Eur Heart J. 2018 Apr 21;39(16):1466–1480.
19. Karjalainen J, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S, Viitasalo M. Lone
atrial fibrillation in vigorously exercising middle aged men:
case-control study. BMJ. 1998 Jun 13;316(7147):1784–1785.
20. Andersen K, Farahmand B, Ahlbom A, et al. Risk of arrhythmias
in 52 755 long-distance cross-country skiers: a cohort study. Eur
Heart J. 2013 Dec;34(47):3624–3631.
21. Calvo N, Ramos P, Montserrat S, et al. Emerging risk factors
and the dose-response relationship between physical activity and
lone atrial fibrillation: a prospective case-control study.
Europace. 2016 Jan;18(1):57–63.
22. Myrstad M, Nystad W, Graff-Iversen S, et al. Effect of years of
endurance exercise on risk of atrial fibrillation and atrial
flutter. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Oct 15;114(
😎:1229–1233.
23. Abdulla J, Nielsen JR. Is the risk of atrial fibrillation
higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic
review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2009 Sep;11(9):1156–1159.
24. Qureshi WT, Alirhayim Z, Blaha MJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory
Fitness and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: Results From the
Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project. Circulation. 2015 May
26;131(21):1827–1834.
25. Ricci C, Gervasi F, Gaeta M, Smuts CM, Schutte AE, Leitzmann
MF. Physical activity volume in relation to risk of atrial
fibrillation. A non-linear meta-regression analysis. Eur J Prev
Cardiol. 2018 May;25(
😎:857–866.
26. Baldesberger bS, Bauersfeld U, Candinas R, et al. Sinus node
disease and arrhythmias in the long-term follow-up of former
professional cyclists. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jan;29(1):71–78.
27. Heidbuchel H, Anne W, Willems R, Adriaenssens B, Van de Werf F,
Ector H. Endurance sports is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation
after ablation for atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol. 2006 Feb
8;107(1):67–72.
28. Biffi A, Pelliccia A, Verdile L, et al. Long-term clinical
significance of frequent and complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias
in trained athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Aug
7;40(3):446–452.
29. La Gerche A, Claessen G, Dymarkowski S, et al. Exercise-induced
right ventricular dysfunction is associated with ventricular
arrhythmias in endurance athletes. Eur Heart J. 2015 Aug
7;36(30):1998–2010.
30. Heidbuchel H, Prior DL, La Gerche A. Ventricular arrhythmias
associated with long-term endurance sports: what is the evidence?
Br J Sports Med. 2012 Nov;46(Suppl 1):i44–50.
31. van de Schoor FR, Aengevaeren VL, Hopman MT, et al. Myocardial
Fibrosis in Athletes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016
Nov;91(11):1617–1631.
32. Wilson M, O’Hanlon R, Prasad S, et al. Diverse patterns of
myocardial fibrosis in lifelong, veteran endurance athletes. J Appl
Physiol. 1985 2011 Jun;110(6):1622–1626.
33. Breuckmann F, Mohlenkamp S, Nassenstein K, et al. Myocardial
late gadolinium enhancement: prevalence, pattern, and prognostic
relevance in marathon runners. Radiology. 2009
Apr;251(1):50–57.
34. Mohlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Breuckmann F, et al. Running: the risk
of coronary events : Prevalence and prognostic relevance of
coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners. Eur Heart J. 2008
Aug;29(15):1903–1910.
35. La Gerche A, Heidbuchel H, Burns AT, et al. Disproportionate
exercise load and remodeling of the athlete’s right ventricle. Med
Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Jun;43(6):974–981.
36. Eijsvogels TMH, Oxborough DL, O’Hanlon R, et al. Global and
regional cardiac function in lifelong endurance athletes with and
without myocardial fibrosis. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017
Nov;17(10):1297–1303.
37. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, et al. Coronary calcium as a
predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N
Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 27;358(13):1336–1345.
38. Kermott CA, Schroeder DR, Kopecky SL, Behrenbeck TR.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Coronary Artery Calcification in a
Primary Prevention Population. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes.
2019 Jun;3(2):122–130.
39. Merghani A, Maestrini V, Rosmini S, et al. Prevalence of
Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease in Masters Endurance Athletes
With a Low Atherosclerotic Risk Profile. Circulation. 2017 Jul
11;136(2):126–137.
40. DeFina LF, Radford NB, Barlow CE, et al. Association of
All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality With High Levels of Physical
Activity and Concurrent Coronary Artery Calcification. JAMA
Cardiol. 2019 Feb 1;4(2):174–181.
41. Bruning RS, Sturek M. Benefits of exercise training on coronary
blood flow in coronary artery disease patients. Prog Cardiovasc
Dis. 2015 Mar-Apr;57(5):443–453.
42. Schwartz RS, Merkel Kraus S, Schwartz JG, et al. Inceased
coronary artery plaque volume among male marathon runners. Mo Med.
2014;111(2):85–90.
43. Sharma S, Merghani A, Mont L. Exercise and the heart: the good,
the bad, and the ugly. Eur Heart J. 2015 Jun
14;36(23):1445–1453.
44. Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG, Sharma S. Incidence of sudden
cardiac death in athletes: a state-of-the-art review. Br J Sports
Med. 2014 Aug;48(15):1185–1192.
45. D’Silva A, Sharma S. Exercise, the athlete’s heart, and sudden
cardiac death. Phys Sportsmed. 2014 May;42(2):100–113.
46. Hart L. Marathon-related cardiac arrest. Clin J Sport Med. 2013
Sep;23(5):409–410.
47. Mathews SC, Narotsky DL, Bernholt DL, et al. Mortality among
marathon runners in the United States, 2000–2009. Am J Sports Med.
2012 Jul;40(7):1495–1500.
48. Harris KM, Creswell LL, Haas TS, et al. Death and Cardiac
Arrest in U.S. Triathlon Participants, 1985 to 2016: A Case Series.
Ann Intern Med. 2017 Oct 17;167(
😎:529–535.
49. Legaz-Arrese A, George K, Carranza-Garcia LE, Munguia-Izquierdo
D, Moros-Garcia T, Serrano-Ostariz E. The impact of exercise
intensity on the release of cardiac biomarkers in marathon runners.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Dec;111(12):2961–2967.
50. La Gerche A, Burns AT, Mooney DJ, et al. Exercise-induced right
ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance
athletes. Eur Heart J. 2012 Apr;33(
😎:998–1006.
51. Schnohr P, O’Keefe JH, Holtermann A, et al. Various
Leisure-Time Physical Activities Associated With Widely Divergent
Life Expectancies: The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Mayo Clin Proc.
2018 Dec;93(12):1775–1785.